the 1920's

Gandhi

Nicolette Tosunian-
Known as 'Mahatma' (great soul), Gandhi was the leader of the Indian nationalist movement against British rule, and is widely considered the father of his country. His doctrine of non-violent protest to achieve political and social progress has been hugely influential. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar in Gujarat. After university, he went to London to train as a barrister. He returned to India in 1891 and in 1893 accepted a job at an Indian law firm in Durban, South Africa. Gandhi was appalled by the treatment of Indian immigrants there, and joined the struggle to obtain basic rights for them. During his 20 years in South Africa he was sent to prison many times. Influenced primarily by Hinduism, but also by elements of Jainism and Christianity as well as writers including Tolstoy and Thoreau, Gandhi developed the Satyagraha ('devotion to truth'), a new non-violent way to redress wrongs. In 1914, the South African government conceded to many of Gandhi's demands.
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/gandhi_mohandas.shtml)

United states election broadcasting 

Roman. (0) )
The year was 1920, and the nations first national radio station had been created just in time for the broadcasting of the 1920 presidential election results. Prior to this newspaper companies would spread the news through megaphones. So radio broadcasters were instructed to tell the results as soon as they were notified, and they did so letting the public know in the comfort of their own home. A foreshadowing of future life for the entire country.http://www.pateplumaradio.com/genbroad/elec1924.html

sacco and Vanzetti

Roman. (0) )
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were two italian immigrants who were residents of the United States when they tried to rob a bank in 1919. They were both anarchists but believing in anarchy, and not acting it out is not a crime. They were framed for the killing of a paymaster and his guard. Due to a biased prosecution they were eventually sent to death,even though there was no evidence that they committed the crime. Despite public outcry of the injustice of killing two innocent men the both died;but in death they succeeded in bringing light to the red paranoia going on in the 20's.
http://writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html

Byrd flies over the north pole (not a bird)

Roman. (0) )
Richard E. Byrd was the first man in the world to fly over the north pole on May 9, 1926, setting the stage for polar exploration to come. He spoke of his thoughts while in the middle of an arctic hell. "It was a feeling that transcended reason; that went to the heart of a man's despair and found it groundless."
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/ice/peopleevents/pandeAMEX86.html

Charles ponzi

Nicolette Tosunian-
Carlo Ponzi, famously known as Charles Ponzi, was a criminal with a cunning mind and a slick way with speech. Unfortunately for him, his talents did not keep him out of jail. His name would become permanently associated with a type of investment fraud in which handsome returns are promised from made-up sources and early investors are supposedly compensated with money raised from later ones.
(http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1800.html)

The Rosewood Massacre

Nicolette Tosunian-
On January 1, 1923 a massacre was carried out in the small, predominately black town of Rosewood in Central Florida. The massacre was instigated by the rumor that a white woman, Fanny Taylor, had been sexually assaulted by a black man in her home in a nearby community.  A group of white men, believing this rapist to be a recently escaped convict named Jesse Hunter who was hiding in Rosewood, assembled to capture this man. On January 4, 1923 a group of 20 to 30 white men approached the Carrier home and shot the family dog.  When Sylvester's mother Sarah came to the porch to confront the mob they shot and killed her.  Sylvester defended his home, killing two men and wounding four in the ensuing battle before he too was killed. The remaining survivors fled to the swamps for refuge where many of the African American residents of Rosewood had already retreated, hoping to avoid the rising conflict and increasing racial tension.
(http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/rosewood-massacre-1923

Kellogg-Briand Treaty Outlaws War

Nicolette Tosunian-
The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an “an instrument of national policy,” and was further notable for the following:
-No enforcement mechanism was provided for changing the behavior of warring signatories.
-The agreement was interpreted by most of the signatories to permit “defensive” war.
-No expiration date was provided.
-No provision existed for amending the agreement was included.
Despite these shortcomings, the pact was signed in August 1928 by 15 nations. In the following months, more than 60 countries joined in this renunciation of war.
(http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1485.html)

discovery of x-ray genetic harm

Picture
Bryannna Chrisp-
Americans became aware of the negative effects of X-rays when patients sometimes experienced erythema. Erythema often occurs as a reaction to light sensitivity. In 1922 the American Roentgen Ray Society strongly suggested x-ray protection development. In 1925, scientist Arthur Mutscheller recommended that a maximum daily dose of .2 rem
should not be exceeded.

(http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/50yrs.htm)

First round-the-world flight

Picture
Bryanna Chrisp-
 The flight began on April 6th, 1924. The World Flyers took off on Seattle Soil and began their journey heading west.
The fleet of four downsized to a mission for two planes when one plane collided into a moutain and a second plane landed in the ocean. The two successful planes landed back in Seattle on September 28th, 1924 and were greeted with awe-inspired citizens.  
(http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=764)

Standardization of road signs

Picture
Bryanna Chrisp
Prior to the 1920's, road signs were not funded or installed by government transportation services, but were the courtesy of auto clubs. Competition to obtain advertisement amongst various auto clubs lead to a rapid increase in the number of road signs and eventually became cause of mass confusion amongst drivers.  In the 1920's, various political groups, such as the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, formed and held extensive meetings with  intent upon standardizing road signs and eliminating chaotic driving experiences for driver across the nation. Finally, in 1927, AASHO distributed an instruction manual for basic procedure in the creation, distribution and installation of road signs.
( http://www.worldsstrangest.com/mental-floss/the-road-to-street-sign-standardization/).

Indian Citizenship act

Caitlin Stryker
Until the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, Indians occupied an unusual status under federal law. Some had acquired citizenship by marrying white men. Others received citizenship through military service, by receipt of allotments, or through special treaties or special statutes. But many were still not citizens, and they were barred from the ordinary processes of naturalization open to foreigners. Congress took what some saw as the final step on June 2, 1924 and granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the United States due to absorb Indians into the mainstream of American life. After their outstanding performance in the military during World War I, it only seemed fair to finally grant Native Americans full citizenship.
(http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0700/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0700/stories/0701_0146.html)

John Scopes "Monkey" Trial

Caitlin Stryker
On July 10, 1925 a trial between John Scopes and the state of Tennessee began over a law that banned the teaching of evolution in the state of Tennessee. As soon as the law was in effect, the American Civil Liberties Union agreed to defend anyone who challenged the law was soon preparing a case for John Scopes. The trial quickly gained national attention and the court eventually found Scopes guilty and fined him a hundred dollars.  The Scopes trial by no means ended the debate over the teaching of evolution, but it did represent a significant setback for the anti-evolution forces.
(http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/evolut.htm)

Nellie Tayloe Ross- First Women governor 

Picture
Kelsey Chittum
On January 5, 1925, Nellie Tayloe Ross was elected the governor of Wyoming. She became the first female governor in the history of the United States. This was remarkable achievement because women had just got the right to vote trough the nineteenth amendment just five years before.  Her husband served as governor before she did, but died unexpectedly in office. Ross decided to run and won by nearly 7,000 votes. Ross later was elected to the Wyoming state legislature. She had worked her way up to national politics, which was remarkable for a woman at that time. 
 (http://www.gale.cengage.com/free_resources/whm/bio/ross_n.htm)



First Radio broadcast 

Picture
Kelsey Chittum
In 1920, Westinghouse, one of the leading radio manufacturers, had an idea in order to sell more radios. In Westinghouse vision, the radio would no longer only be used for communication.  They set up a regular transmission station in Pittsburgh and on November 2, 1920, Westinghouse's station, KDKA, made its nation's first commercial broadcast. This date was chosen because it was the presidential election between Harding and Cox. The idea of the radio really caught on because the American people felt like they were a part of the election, and they did not have to read about it in the news paper.  Westinghouse's idea really was a success, because within four years there was six-hundred commercial stations broadcasting around the whole country.
(http://library.thinkquest.org/20230/innovations/kdka.htm)

Growth of KKK

Picture
Caitlin Stryker
During the early 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan membership swelled to 4.5 million Klansmen. The Klan helped elect 16 U.S. Senators and many Representatives and local officials. By 1924, when the Klan had reached its peak in numbers and influence, it claimed to control 24 of the nation's 48 state legislatures. That year it succeeded in blocking the nomination of Al Smith, a New York Catholic, at the Democratic National Convention. In 1925, 60,000 Klan members carrying American flags marched down Pennsylvania Avenue without their masks.
(http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=444)


prOHIBITION

Picture
Caitlin Stryker
The 18th Amendment to the Constitution prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol in America went into effect on January 16, 1920. The United States was now officially "dry" from coast to coast.  The advocates of Prohibition had waged a 50-year campaign to ban alcohol and had high hopes for this "The Noble Experiment." Supporters anticipated that alcohol's banishment would lead to the eradication of poverty and vice while simultaneously ennobling the common man to achieve his highest goals. The reality of Prohibition was to prove quite different. Organized crime and illegal activity flourished, allowing mobsters and bootleggers like Al Capone to control whole cities with the promise of moonshine. Prohibition was repealed on February 20, 1933 when  Congress proposed the 21st Amendment to the Constitution that repleaed the 18th Amendment.
(http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/snpmech2.htm)

Stock Market Crashes

Picture
Kelsey Chittum
Throughout the 1920s, the value of the stock market was rising at exponential rates.  By 1929 the stock market quadrupled in value. People began putting all of their money into the  stock market without even thinking that one day it may be gone. On September 3, 1929, the stock market reached its peak and from then on,  stock prices slowly fell. On the morning of October 24, 1929, stock prices began to rapidly fall as a vast number of people began selling their stocks. Panic was everywhere, but by the end of the day, people were once again buying stocks at what they believed at bargin prices. Black Tuesday October 29, 1929  is the day that dealt the final blow to the Roaring 20s, and was believed to be the starting point of the Great Depression.  On Black Tuesday, a record 16.4 million shares were sold. In one week, the stock market had lost $30 billion. 
(http://history1900s.about.com/od/1920s/a/stockcrash1929.htm) 

Immigration Act of 1924

Kelsey Chittum
The 1924 Immigration Act set quotas for the annual immigration of people from certain countries. Certain people could enter the country as a non-quota immigrant. This included wives and children of and American citizen, students under the age of fifteen and religious or academic professionals.  Those who were referred to as quota immigrants were not always allowed into the country due to to annual numerical limitations.  The annual quota was decided upon the census of 1890. The annual quota for each country was two percent of the total population of that country recorded in the 1890 census.  The act stated that no immigrant ineligible to become a citizen could be admitted to the United States as an immigrant. This was aimed primarily at Japanese and Chinese immigrants due to the based upon the Naturalization Act of 1790.  During the twenties, the U.S. saw little immigration from China and Japan.
(http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1398.html) 

 St. Valentine's day massacre

Picture
  Bryanna Chrisp -
The infamous Valentines Day massacre shocked the nation in 1929. At 2122 Clark Street in Chicago, in a garage, seven men were found facing a wall with bullets in their backs and heads, six out of the seven were reported lifeless upon police arrival. All of the men were allegedly mobsters, well equipped with weaponry. An eye-witness claimed to have  heard the gunshots and then to have seen a police officer exit the garage, escorting two other men.  It is likely (although legally unproven) that the alchohol-trading mobster, Al Capone, instigated these murders in order to eliminate a rival gang as well as financial competition.  
(mysterynet.com)
(prairieghosts.com)


Dam Breaks in Los Angeles (march 13, 1928)

Picture
  -Zachary Brown-
On march 13, 1928, the San Francis Dam in San Fracisquito Canyon forty-five miles north of Los Angeles broke, releasing 1,344,000,000 gallons (62,000 acre feet) of water into the valley. Some say at one point that the wave reached twenty-five feet high. This wave destroyed all in it's path, and killed between 200 and 500 people and did around $7,000,000 in damage.
(scvhistory.com) 

                                                                                                                                                                                                              (www.discoverynews.org)

Penicillin

Picture
  -Zachary Brown-
A Miracle Drug developed in the 1920's that was used to help fight infections, especially useful in wartime, where numerous injuries needed to be cleaned quickly and effectively. 

All from(including Picture): www.clemson.edu

U.S. rejects Treaty of Versailles

Picture
-Zachary Brown-
At this time America was dedicated to becoming an isolationist Nation. The United States had been barely involved in World War I, which meant that it already had very little say in the Versailles treaty, alongside the fact that America had no wish to have any part in a "new world order."  With this in mind, the United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. The main reason for this was that the United States did not want to be involved in either foreign or political wars.
(http://www.essortment.com/treaty-versailles-15145.html)

Picture from: (http://www.johndclare.net/images/Versailles_Conference)

International Business Machines

In 1924 a, C-T-R, a company that had started in 1911, changed its name to IBM, or International Business Machines Corporation. Throughout the 1920's it continued to be a major player in the mechanization (and later, computerization) of business worldwide. For example, in 1926, IBM's product line won grand prizes at the Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia.

(http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1920.html)

Women compete for the first time in the Olympic field events 

Picture
Paul Hwang
Women were dined to compete in the Olympics before the 1920's. During the 1920's women were finally allowed to compete in the Olympics. In the 1920's a woman swimmer became the first to hold the fastest record for a 100 meter back stroke swim. She was only allowed to compete for three events, so she entered the 100 meter, 300 meter, and the 100 meter relay. She ended up winning gold medals for all three events. Soon after her success many females would compete in the Olympics and would set records. 
(http://www.northnet.org/stlawrenceaauw/timelne2.htm)

The end of the Red Scare

Picture
Paul Hwang

The red scare was sparked in the United States at the end of the world war I, and Bolshevik revolution. The nation was scared of communists, socialists, anarchists, and other dissidents. Innocent people were jailed due to the mass chaos of fear spreading across America. The red scare was growing, but in the early 1920's the red scare was over as quickly as it started. The 1920's was really the roaring 20's, because there was no more fear.
(http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/saccov/redscare.html)

Teapot dome scandal  

Picture
Paul Hwang

Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall's secret leasing of oil-rich public land to private companies in return for money and land. This shows corruption in society, and in the government in the 1920's. The government had set aside oil-rich public land at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, for the use by the Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall. He was friends with various oil executives, which they managed to get the oil reserves transferred from the navy to the Interior Department. Albert was convicted, and found guilty of bribery and became the first American to be convicted of a felony while holding a cabinet post. 
(http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/Departments/hpolscrv/jzeck.html)

Billy Mitchell Court-Martial 

Picture
Paul HwangBrigadier General William Mitchell tries to prove the worth of the Air Service as an independent service by sinking a battleship but is held back by his superiors. He disobeys their orders and proves his aircraft can sink the ex-German WWI battleship, Ostfriesland, previously considered unsinkable. Politically vocal, he is demoted to Colonel and sent to Texas. After two high-profile air disasters kill many, Mitchell calls a press conference in which he makes harsh criticisms of the army. He is court-martialed. He is considered the prophet of America's military power. He may be frowned upon by the government, but he will bring light to the air dominance of our nation. 

(http://www.homeofheroes.com/wings/part1/6_survival.html)

Women’s Suffrage Movement

Andrew Ramirez
    The Women's Suffrage Movement was for the right for women to vote. The movement officially began at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 but by 1920 the 19th amendment was ratified giving women the full right to vote.

(http://www.essortment.com/womens-suffrage-movement)

19th Amendment

 Andrew Ramirez
    The 19th amendment was passed by congress on June 4, 1919 and it was ratified on August 18, 1920. The first section of the 19th amendment states: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

(http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/nineteentham.htm)

Banting, Best and MacLeod administer 1st dose insulin

Andrew Ramirez
    On of the most influential discovery in medical history took place in the summer of 1921. The invention of  insulin has easily saved billions of lives since it was first administered. Living with with diabetes before insulin was invented meant that you had no chance of living since it was a horrible disease before.

(http://www.hemonctoday.com/article.aspx?rid=50938)
   

King Tut's tom is opened

Picture
Andrew Ramirez
In November 1922 Howard Carter and his crew discovered the tomb of King Tut. The tomb was untouched for over 3000 years. It took Howard about 30 years to find the tomb. They discovered that the tomb was raided twice some time in history. There was said to be a curse of whoever opened King Tut's tomb. Lord Carnarvan and Carter died and people related to them died in mysterious ways.


(http://history1900s.about.com/od/1920s/a/kingtut.htm)